Menstrual Disorder
Understanding Changes in Your Monthly Cycle
A woman’s menstrual cycle is a natural rhythm that usually occurs every 21 to 35 days. While minor variations are common, significant changes in the timing, flow, or pain of periods may indicate a menstrual disorder.
Menstrual disorders are very common and often treatable. Understanding the cause is the first step toward relief and better reproductive health.
Common Types of Menstrual Disorders
- Heavy Menstrual Bleeding (Menorrhagia)
Periods that are excessively heavy or prolonged can cause tiredness, anemia, and disruption to daily life.
Common causes include hormonal imbalance, fibroids, polyps, thyroid disorders, or bleeding problems.
- Painful Periods (Dysmenorrhea)
Some discomfort is normal during menstruation, but severe cramping, back pain, or nausea may suggest an underlying condition such as endometriosis or pelvic infection.
- Irregular Periods (Oligomenorrhea or Polymenorrhea)
Cycles that are too short, too long, or unpredictable can result from stress, hormonal changes, thyroid issues, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
- Absent Periods (Amenorrhea)
If periods stop for more than three months (not due to pregnancy or menopause), it may indicate hormonal problems, weight changes, or underlying medical conditions.
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and PMDD
Many women experience mood changes or bloating before periods.
When these symptoms become severe enough to affect daily life, it may be Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) — a more intense form of PMS.
Causes of Menstrual Disorders
Menstrual disorders may be linked to:
- Hormonal imbalances (estrogen and progesterone)
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
- Thyroid disorders
- Uterine fibroids or endometrial polyps
- Blood clotting problems
- Stress, diet changes, or excessive exercise
- Certain medications or contraceptives
A proper medical evaluation helps identify the exact cause and guide treatment.
Diagnosis
To find the reason for abnormal periods, doctors may recommend:
- Detailed history and physical examination
- Ultrasound scan of the uterus and ovaries
- Blood tests to check hormones and thyroid levels
- Pap smear or endometrial sampling (if needed)
Treatment Options
